属性访问器
使用类/模块和实例访问器扩展模块对象,用于类/模块属性,就像本机 attr* 访问器用于实例属性一样。
每个线程的属性访问器
使用类/模块和实例访问器扩展模块对象,用于类/模块属性,就像本机 attr* 访问器用于实例属性一样,但每个线程执行一次。
因此,这些值在模块类名称下的 Thread.current 空间中被作用域。
请注意,如果Rails.application.config.active_support.isolation_level
设置为:fiber
,它也可以被每个 fiber 作用域。
- A
- C
- D
- M
- R
- S
- T
属性
[R] | attr_internal_naming_format |
类公共方法
attr_internal_naming_format=(format) 链接
# File activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/attr_internal.rb, line 25 def attr_internal_naming_format=(format) if format.start_with?("@") raise ArgumentError, <<~MESSAGE.squish Setting `attr_internal_naming_format` with a `@` prefix is not supported. You can simply replace #{format.inspect} by #{format.delete_prefix("@").inspect}. MESSAGE end @attr_internal_naming_format = format end
实例公共方法
alias_attribute(new_name, old_name) 链接
允许您为属性创建别名,包括 getter、setter 和谓词。
class Content < ActiveRecord::Base
# has a title attribute
end
class Email < Content
alias_attribute :subject, :title
end
e = Email.find(1)
e.title # => "Superstars"
e.subject # => "Superstars"
e.subject? # => true
e.subject = "Megastars"
e.title # => "Megastars"
# File activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/aliasing.rb, line 21 def alias_attribute(new_name, old_name) # The following reader methods use an explicit `self` receiver in order to # support aliases that start with an uppercase letter. Otherwise, they would # be resolved as constants instead. module_eval <<-STR, __FILE__, __LINE__ + 1 def #{new_name}; self.#{old_name}; end # def subject; self.title; end def #{new_name}?; self.#{old_name}?; end # def subject?; self.title?; end def #{new_name}=(v); self.#{old_name} = v; end # def subject=(v); self.title = v; end STR end
anonymous?() 链接
模块可能有或可能没有名称。
module M; end
M.name # => "M"
m = Module.new
m.name # => nil
anonymous?
方法如果模块没有名称,则返回 true,否则返回 false
Module.new.anonymous? # => true
module M; end
M.anonymous? # => false
模块在首次分配给常量时获得名称。通过module
或 class
关键字,或通过显式分配。
m = Module.new # creates an anonymous module
m.anonymous? # => true
M = m # m gets a name here as a side-effect
m.name # => "M"
m.anonymous? # => false
attr_internal_reader(*attrs) 链接
声明一个由内部命名实例变量支持的属性读取器。
attr_internal_writer(*attrs) 链接
声明一个由内部命名实例变量支持的属性写入器。
cattr_accessor(*syms, instance_reader: true, instance_writer: true, instance_accessor: true, default: nil, &blk) 链接
cattr_reader(*syms, instance_reader: true, instance_accessor: true, default: nil, location: nil) 链接
cattr_writer(*syms, instance_writer: true, instance_accessor: true, default: nil, location: nil) 链接
deep_dup() 链接
如果模块或类是匿名的,则返回该模块或类的副本。如果它已命名,则返回self
。
Object.deep_dup == Object # => true
klass = Class.new
klass.deep_dup == klass # => false
delegate(*methods, to: nil, prefix: nil, allow_nil: nil, private: nil) 链接
提供一个delegate
类方法,可以轻松地将包含对象的公共方法公开为您自己的方法。
选项
-
:to
- 将目标对象名称指定为符号或字符串 -
:prefix
- 使用目标名称或自定义前缀为新方法添加前缀 -
:allow_nil
- 如果设置为 true,则阻止引发ActiveSupport::DelegationError
-
:private
- 如果设置为 true,则将方法可见性更改为私有
宏接收一个或多个方法名称(指定为符号或字符串)以及目标对象的名称,通过:to
选项(也是符号或字符串)。
委托对 Active Record 关联特别有用
class Greeter < ActiveRecord::Base
def hello
'hello'
end
def goodbye
'goodbye'
end
end
class Foo < ActiveRecord::Base
belongs_to :greeter
delegate :hello, to: :greeter
end
Foo.new.hello # => "hello"
Foo.new.goodbye # => NoMethodError: undefined method `goodbye' for #<Foo:0x1af30c>
允许对同一目标进行多次委托
class Foo < ActiveRecord::Base
belongs_to :greeter
delegate :hello, :goodbye, to: :greeter
end
Foo.new.goodbye # => "goodbye"
方法可以通过提供符号来委托给实例变量、类变量或常量
class Foo
CONSTANT_ARRAY = [0,1,2,3]
@@class_array = [4,5,6,7]
def initialize
@instance_array = [8,9,10,11]
end
delegate :sum, to: :CONSTANT_ARRAY
delegate :min, to: :@@class_array
delegate :max, to: :@instance_array
end
Foo.new.sum # => 6
Foo.new.min # => 4
Foo.new.max # => 11
也可以通过使用:class
将方法委托给类
class Foo
def self.hello
"world"
end
delegate :hello, to: :class
end
Foo.new.hello # => "world"
委托可以可选地使用:prefix
选项添加前缀。如果该值为true
,则委托方法将以被委托对象名称为前缀。
Person = Struct.new(:name, :address)
class Invoice < Struct.new(:client)
delegate :name, :address, to: :client, prefix: true
end
john_doe = Person.new('John Doe', 'Vimmersvej 13')
invoice = Invoice.new(john_doe)
invoice.client_name # => "John Doe"
invoice.client_address # => "Vimmersvej 13"
也可以提供自定义前缀。
class Invoice < Struct.new(:client)
delegate :name, :address, to: :client, prefix: :customer
end
invoice = Invoice.new(john_doe)
invoice.customer_name # => 'John Doe'
invoice.customer_address # => 'Vimmersvej 13'
委托方法默认是公共的。传递private: true
来改变它。
class User < ActiveRecord::Base
has_one :profile
delegate :first_name, to: :profile
delegate :date_of_birth, to: :profile, private: true
def age
Date.today.year - date_of_birth.year
end
end
User.new.first_name # => "Tomas"
User.new.date_of_birth # => NoMethodError: private method `date_of_birth' called for #<User:0x00000008221340>
User.new.age # => 2
如果目标为nil
并且没有响应委托方法,则会引发ActiveSupport::DelegationError
。如果您希望改为返回nil
,请使用:allow_nil
选项。
class User < ActiveRecord::Base
has_one :profile
delegate :age, to: :profile
end
User.new.age
# => ActiveSupport::DelegationError: User#age delegated to profile.age, but profile is nil
但如果没有配置文件,则可以接受这种情况,不应将其视为错误条件
class User < ActiveRecord::Base
has_one :profile
delegate :age, to: :profile, allow_nil: true
end
User.new.age # nil
请注意,如果目标不是nil
,则无论:allow_nil
选项如何,都会尝试调用,因此如果所述对象没有响应该方法,仍然会引发异常
class Foo
def initialize(bar)
@bar = bar
end
delegate :name, to: :@bar, allow_nil: true
end
Foo.new("Bar").name # raises NoMethodError: undefined method `name'
目标方法必须是公共的,否则将引发NoMethodError
。
# File activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/delegation.rb, line 160 def delegate(*methods, to: nil, prefix: nil, allow_nil: nil, private: nil) ::ActiveSupport::Delegation.generate( self, methods, location: caller_locations(1, 1).first, to: to, prefix: prefix, allow_nil: allow_nil, private: private, ) end
delegate_missing_to(target, allow_nil: nil) 链接
在构建装饰器时,可能会出现常见的模式
class Partition
def initialize(event)
@event = event
end
def person
detail.person || creator
end
private
def respond_to_missing?(name, include_private = false)
@event.respond_to?(name, include_private)
end
def method_missing(method, *args, &block)
@event.send(method, *args, &block)
end
end
使用Module#delegate_missing_to
,上述内容可以简化为
class Partition
delegate_missing_to :@event
def initialize(event)
@event = event
end
def person
detail.person || creator
end
end
目标可以在对象中任何可调用内容,例如实例变量、方法、常量等。
委托方法在目标上必须是公共的,否则将引发ActiveSupport::DelegationError
。如果您希望改为返回nil
,请使用:allow_nil
选项。
由于当调用Marshal.dump(object)
时可能存在干扰,因此marshal_dump
和_dump
方法不包含在委托中,因为object
的委托目标方法可能会添加或删除实例变量。
deprecate(*method_names, deprecator:, **options) 链接
deprecate :foo, deprecator: MyLib.deprecator
deprecate :foo, bar: "warning!", deprecator: MyLib.deprecator
一个废弃器通常是 ActiveSupport::Deprecation
的实例,但您也可以传递任何响应deprecation_warning(deprecated_method_name, message, caller_backtrace)
的对象,您可以在其中实现自定义警告行为。
class MyLib::Deprecator
def deprecation_warning(deprecated_method_name, message, caller_backtrace = nil)
message = "#{deprecated_method_name} is deprecated and will be removed from MyLibrary | #{message}"
Kernel.warn message
end
end
# File activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/deprecation.rb, line 17 def deprecate(*method_names, deprecator:, **options) if deprecator.is_a?(ActiveSupport::Deprecation) deprecator.deprecate_methods(self, *method_names, **options) elsif deprecator # we just need any instance to call deprecate_methods, but the deprecation will be emitted by deprecator ActiveSupport.deprecator.deprecate_methods(self, *method_names, **options, deprecator: deprecator) end end
mattr_accessor(*syms, instance_reader: true, instance_writer: true, instance_accessor: true, default: nil, &blk) 链接
定义类属性的类和实例访问器。所有创建的类和实例方法都将是公开的,即使此方法在私有或受保护的访问修饰符下调用。
module HairColors
mattr_accessor :hair_colors
end
class Person
include HairColors
end
HairColors.hair_colors = [:brown, :black, :blonde, :red]
HairColors.hair_colors # => [:brown, :black, :blonde, :red]
Person.new.hair_colors # => [:brown, :black, :blonde, :red]
如果子类更改了值,那么这也将更改父类的值。类似地,如果父类更改了值,那么也将更改子类的值。
class Citizen < Person
end
Citizen.new.hair_colors << :blue
Person.new.hair_colors # => [:brown, :black, :blonde, :red, :blue]
要省略实例写入器方法,请传递 instance_writer: false
。要省略实例读取器方法,请传递 instance_reader: false
。
module HairColors
mattr_accessor :hair_colors, instance_writer: false, instance_reader: false
end
class Person
include HairColors
end
Person.new.hair_colors = [:brown] # => NoMethodError
Person.new.hair_colors # => NoMethodError
或者传递 instance_accessor: false
,省略两个实例方法。
module HairColors
mattr_accessor :hair_colors, instance_accessor: false
end
class Person
include HairColors
end
Person.new.hair_colors = [:brown] # => NoMethodError
Person.new.hair_colors # => NoMethodError
您可以为属性设置默认值。
module HairColors
mattr_accessor :hair_colors, default: [:brown, :black, :blonde, :red]
mattr_accessor(:hair_styles) { [:long, :short] }
end
class Person
include HairColors
end
Person.class_variable_get("@@hair_colors") # => [:brown, :black, :blonde, :red]
Person.class_variable_get("@@hair_styles") # => [:long, :short]
来源:显示 | 在 GitHub 上
# File activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors.rb, line 208 def mattr_accessor(*syms, instance_reader: true, instance_writer: true, instance_accessor: true, default: nil, &blk) location = caller_locations(1, 1).first mattr_reader(*syms, instance_reader: instance_reader, instance_accessor: instance_accessor, default: default, location: location, &blk) mattr_writer(*syms, instance_writer: instance_writer, instance_accessor: instance_accessor, default: default, location: location) end
mattr_reader(*syms, instance_reader: true, instance_accessor: true, default: nil, location: nil) 链接
定义一个类属性并创建类和实例读取器方法。如果未事先定义,则基础类变量将设置为 nil
。所有创建的类和实例方法都将是公开的,即使此方法在私有或受保护的访问修饰符下调用。
module HairColors
mattr_reader :hair_colors
end
HairColors.hair_colors # => nil
HairColors.class_variable_set("@@hair_colors", [:brown, :black])
HairColors.hair_colors # => [:brown, :black]
属性名称必须是 Ruby 中有效的 方法名。
module Foo
mattr_reader :"1_Badname"
end
# => NameError: invalid attribute name: 1_Badname
要省略实例读取器方法,请传递 instance_reader: false
或 instance_accessor: false
。
module HairColors
mattr_reader :hair_colors, instance_reader: false
end
class Person
include HairColors
end
Person.new.hair_colors # => NoMethodError
您可以为属性设置默认值。
module HairColors
mattr_reader :hair_colors, default: [:brown, :black, :blonde, :red]
mattr_reader(:hair_styles) { [:long, :short] }
end
class Person
include HairColors
end
Person.new.hair_colors # => [:brown, :black, :blonde, :red]
Person.new.hair_styles # => [:long, :short]
来源:显示 | 在 GitHub 上
# File activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors.rb, line 55 def mattr_reader(*syms, instance_reader: true, instance_accessor: true, default: nil, location: nil) raise TypeError, "module attributes should be defined directly on class, not singleton" if singleton_class? location ||= caller_locations(1, 1).first definition = [] syms.each do |sym| raise NameError.new("invalid attribute name: #{sym}") unless /\A[_A-Za-z]\w*\z/.match?(sym) definition << "def self.#{sym}; @@#{sym}; end" if instance_reader && instance_accessor definition << "def #{sym}; @@#{sym}; end" end sym_default_value = (block_given? && default.nil?) ? yield : default class_variable_set("@@#{sym}", sym_default_value) unless sym_default_value.nil? && class_variable_defined?("@@#{sym}") end module_eval(definition.join(";"), location.path, location.lineno) end
mattr_writer(*syms, instance_writer: true, instance_accessor: true, default: nil, location: nil) 链接
定义一个类属性并创建类和实例写入器方法,以允许对属性进行赋值。所有创建的类和实例方法都将是公开的,即使此方法在私有或受保护的访问修饰符下调用。
module HairColors
mattr_writer :hair_colors
end
class Person
include HairColors
end
HairColors.hair_colors = [:brown, :black]
Person.class_variable_get("@@hair_colors") # => [:brown, :black]
Person.new.hair_colors = [:blonde, :red]
HairColors.class_variable_get("@@hair_colors") # => [:blonde, :red]
要省略实例写入器方法,请传递 instance_writer: false
或 instance_accessor: false
。
module HairColors
mattr_writer :hair_colors, instance_writer: false
end
class Person
include HairColors
end
Person.new.hair_colors = [:blonde, :red] # => NoMethodError
您可以为属性设置默认值。
module HairColors
mattr_writer :hair_colors, default: [:brown, :black, :blonde, :red]
mattr_writer(:hair_styles) { [:long, :short] }
end
class Person
include HairColors
end
Person.class_variable_get("@@hair_colors") # => [:brown, :black, :blonde, :red]
Person.class_variable_get("@@hair_styles") # => [:long, :short]
来源:显示 | 在 GitHub 上
# File activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors.rb, line 121 def mattr_writer(*syms, instance_writer: true, instance_accessor: true, default: nil, location: nil) raise TypeError, "module attributes should be defined directly on class, not singleton" if singleton_class? location ||= caller_locations(1, 1).first definition = [] syms.each do |sym| raise NameError.new("invalid attribute name: #{sym}") unless /\A[_A-Za-z]\w*\z/.match?(sym) definition << "def self.#{sym}=(val); @@#{sym} = val; end" if instance_writer && instance_accessor definition << "def #{sym}=(val); @@#{sym} = val; end" end sym_default_value = (block_given? && default.nil?) ? yield : default class_variable_set("@@#{sym}", sym_default_value) unless sym_default_value.nil? && class_variable_defined?("@@#{sym}") end module_eval(definition.join(";"), location.path, location.lineno) end
module_parent() 链接
根据其名称返回包含此模块的模块。
module M
module N
end
end
X = M::N
M::N.module_parent # => M
X.module_parent # => M
顶级模块和匿名模块的父级是 Object
。
M.module_parent # => Object
Module.new.module_parent # => Object
来源:显示 | 在 GitHub 上
# File activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/introspection.rb, line 34 def module_parent module_parent_name ? ActiveSupport::Inflector.constantize(module_parent_name) : Object end
module_parent_name() 链接
返回包含此模块的模块的名称。
M::N.module_parent_name # => "M"
来源:显示 | 在 GitHub 上
# File activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/introspection.rb, line 9 def module_parent_name if defined?(@parent_name) @parent_name else parent_name = name =~ /::[^:]+\z/ ? -$` : nil @parent_name = parent_name unless frozen? parent_name end end
module_parents() 链接
返回此模块的所有父级(根据其名称),按从嵌套到外部的顺序排列。接收器不包含在结果中。
module M
module N
end
end
X = M::N
M.module_parents # => [Object]
M::N.module_parents # => [M, Object]
X.module_parents # => [M, Object]
来源:显示 | 在 GitHub 上
# File activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/introspection.rb, line 50 def module_parents parents = [] if module_parent_name parts = module_parent_name.split("::") until parts.empty? parents << ActiveSupport::Inflector.constantize(parts * "::") parts.pop end end parents << Object unless parents.include? Object parents end
redefine_method(method, &block) 链接
用传递的块替换现有的方法定义(如果有)。
来源:显示 | 在 GitHub 上
# File activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/redefine_method.rb, line 17 def redefine_method(method, &block) visibility = method_visibility(method) silence_redefinition_of_method(method) define_method(method, &block) send(visibility, method) end
redefine_singleton_method(method, &block) 链接
用传递的块替换现有的单例方法定义(如果有)。
来源:显示 | 在 GitHub 上
# File activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/redefine_method.rb, line 26 def redefine_singleton_method(method, &block) singleton_class.redefine_method(method, &block) end
remove_possible_method(method) 链接
如果存在,则删除命名方法。
来源:显示 | 在 GitHub 上
# File activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/remove_method.rb, line 7 def remove_possible_method(method) if method_defined?(method) || private_method_defined?(method) undef_method(method) end end
remove_possible_singleton_method(method) 链接
如果存在,则删除命名的单例方法。
来源:显示 | 在 GitHub 上
# File activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/remove_method.rb, line 14 def remove_possible_singleton_method(method) singleton_class.remove_possible_method(method) end
silence_redefinition_of_method(method) 链接
如果存在,则将命名方法标记为打算重新定义。抑制 Ruby 方法重新定义警告。如果可能,请优先使用 redefine_method
。
来源:显示 | 在 GitHub 上
# File activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/redefine_method.rb, line 7 def silence_redefinition_of_method(method) if method_defined?(method) || private_method_defined?(method) # This suppresses the "method redefined" warning; the self-alias # looks odd, but means we don't need to generate a unique name alias_method method, method end end
thread_cattr_accessor(*syms, instance_reader: true, instance_writer: true, instance_accessor: true, default: nil) 链接
thread_mattr_accessor(*syms, instance_reader: true, instance_writer: true, instance_accessor: true, default: nil) 链接
定义类属性的类和实例访问器。
class Account
thread_mattr_accessor :user
end
Account.user = "DHH"
Account.user # => "DHH"
Account.new.user # => "DHH"
与 mattr_accessor
不同,值**不**与子类或父类共享。如果子类更改了值,则不会更改父类的值。如果父类更改了值,则不会更改子类的值。
class Customer < Account
end
Account.user # => "DHH"
Customer.user # => nil
Customer.user = "Rafael"
Customer.user # => "Rafael"
Account.user # => "DHH"
要省略实例写入器方法,请传递 instance_writer: false
。要省略实例读取器方法,请传递 instance_reader: false
。
class Current
thread_mattr_accessor :user, instance_writer: false, instance_reader: false
end
Current.new.user = "DHH" # => NoMethodError
Current.new.user # => NoMethodError
或者传递 instance_accessor: false
,省略两个实例方法。
class Current
thread_mattr_accessor :user, instance_accessor: false
end
Current.new.user = "DHH" # => NoMethodError
Current.new.user # => NoMethodError
可以使用 :default
选项指定默认值。由于多个线程可以访问默认值,因此未冻结的默认值将被 dup
并冻结。
来源:显示 | 在 GitHub 上
# File activesupport/lib/active_support/core_ext/module/attribute_accessors_per_thread.rb, line 170 def thread_mattr_accessor(*syms, instance_reader: true, instance_writer: true, instance_accessor: true, default: nil) thread_mattr_reader(*syms, instance_reader: instance_reader, instance_accessor: instance_accessor, default: default) thread_mattr_writer(*syms, instance_writer: instance_writer, instance_accessor: instance_accessor) end